Effects of Solar Drying on the Structural and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Bee Pollen / Efectos del secado solar sobre las características estructurales y termodinámicas del polen apícola

Background: Bee pollen is a natural product collected and transformed by bees, intended for human consumption, given its nutritional and bioactive richness. The fundamental operation of adequacy is drying, which allows its preservation, avoiding chemical or microbiological degradation, typically using tray dryers with hot air that use electricity or fuel for heat generation. Solar drying is an alternative that uses radiation as an energy source. However, it should be ensured that this type of process guarantees the quality of the product while not degrading its properties and, therefore, maintaining its morphological integrity. Objective: to establish the effect of solar drying on bee pollen structure compared to the conventional cabin dehydration process. Methods: Bee pollen was dehydrated using two types of dryers: a solar dryer and a forced convection oven. The solar dryer operating conditions were an average temperature of 19-35 °C with a maximum of 38 °C and average relative humidity (RH) of 55 %. Cabin dryer operating conditions were a set point temperature of 55 ± 2 °C and 10 % RH average humidity. The morphologic and thermodynamic properties of dried bee pollen, such as phase transition enthalpy through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), porosity and surface area through surface area analysis, and microscopic surface appearance by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), were measured. Results: The results showed dry bee pollen, both in the cabin dryer and solar dryer, did not suffer morphological changes seen through SEM compared to fresh bee pollen. Moreover, surface area analysis indicated the absence of porosity in the microscopic or macroscopic structure, demonstrating that solar or cabin drying processes did not affect the specific surface area concerning fresh bee pollen. Additionally, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed that endothermic phase transitions for dried bee pollen by cabin or solar dryer were at 145 °C and 160 °C, respectively. This can be mostly associated with free water loss due to the morphological structure preservation of the material compared to fresh bee pollen. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that solar drying is a reliable alternative to bee pollen dehydration as there were no effects that compromised its structural integrity

Antecedentes: El polen apícola es un producto natural recolectado y transformado por las abejas. La operación fundamental de adecuación del polen es el secado, lo que permite su conservación, evitando su degradación química o microbiológica, típicamente se utilizan secadores de bandejas con aire caliente que emplean electricidad o combustibles para la generación de calor. El secado solar es una alternativa que utiliza la radiación solar como fuente de energía. Sin embargo, se debe garantizar que este tipo de proceso asegure la calidad del producto a la vez que no degrade sus propiedades, manteniendo su integridad morfológica. Objetivo: Establecer el efecto del secado solar sobre la estructura del polen apícola en comparación al proceso convencional de deshidratación en cabina. Métodos: El polen de abeja se deshidrató utilizando dos tipos de secadores: secador solar y horno de convención forzada. Las condiciones de operación del secador solar fueron una temperatura promedio de 19-45 °C con un máximo de 38 °C y una humedad relativa (HR) promedio de 55 %. Las condiciones de operación del secador de cabina fueron una temperatura de referencia de 55 ± 2 °C y una humedad promedio de 10 % HR. Se midieron las propiedades morfológicas y termodinámicas del polen de abeja desecado, como la entalpía de transición de fase mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), la porosidad y el área superficial mediante análisis de área superficial y el aspecto microscópico de la superficie mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el polen seco tanto en el secador de cabina como en el secador solar muestra que no sufrió cambios morfológicos vistos a través de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido y en comparación con el polen fresco de abeja, además un análisis de sortometría indicó la ausencia de porosidad en la estructura microscópica y macroscópica, lo que indica que los procesos de secado solar o en cabina no tuvieron efectos sobre el área superficial específica con respecto al polen fresco de las abejas. En adición, los resultados de calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) muestran que las transiciones de fase endotérmicas para el polen seco tanto en secado de cabina como solar fueron a 145 °C y 160 °C, que puede asociarse mayormente a la pérdida de agua libre, debido a la conservación de la estructura morfológica del material y en comparación al polen fresco. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran que el secado solar es una alternativa viable para la deshidratación del polen al no existir efectos que comprometan su integridad estructural

Combined effects of bee pollen supplementation and resistance training on aerobic capacity, muscular performance, antioxidant status, and bone metabolism markers in young men: A randomised controlled trial

@#Introduction: This study investigated the combined effects of bee pollen and resistance training on aerobic capacity, muscular performance, antioxidant status, and bone metabolism markers among young men. Methods: Forty young men were randomly assigned into four groups: sedentary control (C), bee pollen supplementation (BP), resistance training (RT), and combined bee pollen supplementation and resistance training (BPRT) groups. Bee pollen was consumed by participants in BP and BPRT groups (1500 mg daily for eight weeks). Resistance training was performed thrice per week for eight weeks in RT and BPRT groups. Participants’ anthropometry, aerobic capacity, isokinetic muscular peak torque (strength), and average power were measured. Concentrations of serum total antioxidant status (TAS), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) were determined. Results: After eight weeks of intervention, there was a significant decrease in 1CTP in BP group. In RT group, significant increases were observed in both muscular strength and power. In BPRT group, significant increases in both muscular strength and power, and a significant decrease in 1CTP were observed after 8 weeks. There were no significant changes in aerobic capacity, serum TAS, SOD, and ALP in all the study groups. Conclusion: Resistance training using dumbbells and elastic bands seemed to elicit beneficial effects on muscular strength and power, while bee pollen supplementation alone reduced the level of bone resorption marker. In addition, combining bee pollen with resistance training seemed to offer additive benefit in muscular strength and power.

Caracterización microbiológica de polen seco y congelado en Viracachá-Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar microbiológicamente el polen seco y congelado producido en el municipio de Viracachá-Boyacá. Materiales y métodos. A través de un estudio transversal descriptivo cuantitativo se tomaron muestras de 5 apiarios, cada uno con 10 colmenas, separando el polen en seco y congelado, determinando para cada muestra: aerobios mesófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito reductor y hongos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo a normatividades internacionales y se compararon con resultados de investigaciones en otros países. Resultados. Se encontraron coliformes totales y fecales en tres de los cinco apiarios evaluados y solo en muestras de polen seco. Además, en dos apiarios cuando se analizó polen seco se encontró Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados microbiológicos de la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran dentro de los rangos de algunas normatividades internacionales, sin embargo, los mejores resultados en cuanto a calidad microbiológica se determinaron para el polen congelado. Conclusiones. El proceso de congelamiento del polen ofrece ventajas relativas al mantenimiento de la calidad microbiológica en comparación con el proceso de secado. Se hace necesario evaluar la calidad microbiológica de ambos productos a través del tiempo de almacenamiento.

ABSTRACT Objective. Microbiologically characterize dry and frozen pollen produced in the municipality of Viracachá-Boyacá. Materials and methods. Through a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, samples from 5 apiaries were taken, each with 10 hives, separating the pollen dry and frozen, determining for each sample: mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfite reducer, and fungus. The data obtained were analyzed according to international regulations and compared with research results in other countries. Results. Total and fecal coliforms were found in three of the five apiaries evaluated and only in dried pollen samples. Also, in two apiaries when dry pollen was analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus was found. The microbiological results of most samples are within the ranges of some international regulations; however, the best results in terms of microbiological quality were determined for frozen pollen. Conclusions. The pollen freezing process offers advantages related to maintaining microbiological quality compared to the drying process. It is necessary to evaluate the microbiological quality of both products throughout the storage time.

Composition, biological activity and toxicity of bee pollen: state of the art / Composición, actividad biológica y toxicidad del polen apícola: estado-del-arte

A research was conducted in scientific databases using keywords related to the composition, biological activity and toxicity of bee pollen from 2007 to July 2017. It was verified that this product is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, as well as various minerals and phenolic compounds. Its functional biological properties can be attributed mainly to the high content of flavonoids and polyphenols and a considerable antioxidant capacity has been reported, also highlighting antimicrobial activity and against cancer. However, current research still lacks deeper experimental evidence to justify the use of bee pollen for these purposes. The potential risks of their consumption can be attributed to contamination by pesticides, heavy metals and due to their allergenicity. A search of patents executed in technological databases with respect to the main properties of bee pollen has demonstrated a high interest in the development of technological products based on its many applications. The number of articles and patents found with this theme highlights the importance of this natural product in the scientific-technological advance, focusing on the development of natural supplements.

Há sido realizada una investigación en bases de datos científicas utilizando palabras clave relacionadas a la composición, actividad biológica y toxicidad del polen apícola en el período de 2007 a julio de 2017. Se ha verificado que este producto es rico en carbohidratos, proteínas y lípidos, además de diversos minerales y compuestos fenólicos. Sus propiedades biológicas funcionales pueden ser atribuidas principalmente al alto contenido de flavonoides y polifenoles y se ha reportado una considerable capacidad antioxidante, con destaque también para la actividad antimicrobiana y contra el cáncer. Sin embargo, las investigaciones actuales todavía carecen de evidencias experimentales más profundas para justificar el uso del polen apícola para estos propositos. Los riesgos potenciales de su consumo pueden ser atribuidos en gran parte a la contaminación por pesticidas, metales pesados y debido a su alergenicidad. Una búsqueda de patentes realizada en bases de datos tecnológicas con relación a las principales propiedades del polen apícola ha revelado un alto interés en el desarrollo de productos tecnológicos con base en sus diversas aplicaciones. La cantidad de artículos y patentes encontrados con ese tema evidencia la importancia de ese producto natural en el avance científico y tecnológico, con enfoque para el desarrollo de suplementos naturales.

Physicochemical parameters and content of B-complex vitamins: an exploratory study of bee pollen from southern Brazilian states / Parámetros físico-químicos y contenido de vitaminas del complejo B: un estudio exploratorio del polen apícola del sur de Brasil

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the presence of B-complex vitamins and some physicochemical parameters in bee pollen samples from the southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and, then, to identify their correlations with the geographical and botanical origin of the samples using multivariate statistical techniques. B-complex vitamins were determined by HPLC and mean contents were 0.79 mg/100 g (vitamin B1), 0.88 mg/100 g (vitamin B2), 5.31 mg/100 g (sum of vitamin B3 vitamers) and 4.42 mg/100 g (sum of B6 vitamers). The physicochemical parameters of the samples were consistent with those reported in the literature. The results showed that bee pollen is an important source of B-complex vitamins and multivariate statistical exploratory techniques suggested its nutritional content should be evaluated locally.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de vitaminas del complejo B y algunos parámetros físico-químicos en muestras de polen apícola oriundas de los Estados del Sur de Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul); y correlacionar estos resultados con el origen botánico y geográfico, usando un análisis estadístico multivariado. Las vitaminas del complejo B fueron determinadas por HPLC y su contenido fue de 0,79 mg/100 g (vitamina B1); 0,88 mg/100 g (vitamina B2); 5,31 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B3); y 4,42 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B6). Los parámetros físico-químicos de las muestras fueron consistentes con los reportados en la literatura. Los resultados mostraron que el polen apícola fue una fuente importante de vitaminas del complejo B, y las técnicas multivariadas sugirieron que su contenido nutricional debe ser evaluado localmente.

Analysis of the effects of climate variables on Apis mellifera pollen foraging performance / Análise dos efeitos de variáveis climáticas no desempenho de forrageamento de pólen de abelhas Apis mellifera

Pollination services performed by bees are essential for the reproduction of a great part of flowering plants. The pollen collected by Apis mellifera while performing pollination (bee pollen), has been incorporated into the human diet for its favorable nutritional components. Around 1,500 tons of bee pollen are produced annually worldwide, especially in Spain, China, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil. Despite the importance of bee pollen within apiculture, little is known about the effects of climate variations on bee pollen collection and production. We monitored the pollen collection performance of 24 different honey bee colonies in different climate conditions within a period of one year. We then analyzed the statistical interaction among the number of worker bees returning with pollen loads and 12 climatic variables, to produce a predictive mixed linear model. The results obtained showed that 7 climatic variables were statistically correlated to the pollen collection observed: Maximum temperature of the day, minimum temperature of the day, dew point temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, rainfall, and the date of the sample. This research brings information for the development of a more effective pollen productive system.(AU)

Serviços de polinização são essenciais para a reprodução de uma grande parte das plantas com flores. Além de fundamental para produtividade agrícola e segurança alimentar no planeta, a atividade de polinização por Apis mellifera também possibilita a produção do pólen apícola. Devido a sua riqueza nutricional, o pólen apícola vem sendo incorporado às dietas humanas e de animais de interesse zootécnico. Cerca de 1.500 toneladas de pólen de abelha são produzidas anualmente em todo o mundo, especialmente em países como Espanha, China, Austrália, Argentina e Brasil. Apesar da importância do pólen na cadeia produtiva apícola, muito pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos das variações climáticas sobre a coleta e a produtividade de pólen. Neste estudo, foi monitorado o desempenho da coleta de pólen de 24 colônias de abelhas africanizadas, em diferentes condições climáticas, por um período de um ano. Analisaram-se estatisticamente as interações dos dados obtidos para o número de abelhas operárias que retornaram com cargas de pólen nas corbículas e 12 variáveis climáticas, a fim de se produzir um modelo estatístico preditivo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que sete variáveis climáticas influenciaram significativamente a coleta de pólen: temperatura máxima do dia, temperatura mínima do dia, temperatura do ponto de orvalho, umidade relativa, cobertura de nuvens, precipitação pluviométrica e data da amostragem. Esta pesquisa traz informações importantes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema produtivo de pólen apícola mais eficaz.(AU)

Differential performance of honey bee colonies selected for bee-pollen production through instrumental insemination and free-mating technique / Comparação do desempenho de colônias de abelhas melíferas selecionadas para maiores produções de pólen apícola, por meio de inseminação instrumental e acasalamento livre

The use of bee-pollen as a nutritional supplement or as a production-enhancing agent in livestock has increased the demand for this product worldwide. Despite the current importance of this niche within the apiculture industry, few studies have addressed the pollen production. We tested the performance of free-mated (FM) and instrumentally inseminated queens (IQ) in order to establish the effect of different breeding systems on pollen production. The F1 generation of IQ queens produced 153.95±42.83g/day, showing a significant improvement on the pollen production (2.74 times) when compared to the parental generation (51.83±7.84g/day). The F1 generation of free-mated queens produced 100.07±8.23 g/day, which increased by 1.78 times when compared to the parental generation. Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant difference between the pollen production between colonies from the IQ and FM treatments. This study suggests that inseminated queens should be considered by beekeepers that aim to increase pollen production.(AU)

O uso do pólen apícola como suplemento nutricional humano e animal tem aumentado significativamente a demanda por este produto em todo o mundo. Apesar da importância atual desse nicho dentro da apicultura, poucos estudos têm abordado melhorias no sistema produtivo de pólen. Testamos o desempenho de rainhas fecundadas através de acasalamento livre (FM) e inseminação instrumental (QI), a fim de analisar o efeito de diferentes técnicas de melhoramento genético no ganho produtivo de pólen apícola. A geração F1 de rainhas QI produziu 153,95±42,83g de pólen por dia, mostrando uma melhora significativa na produção (2,74 vezes) quando comparado à geração parental (51,83±7,84g/dia). A geração F1 de rainhas de livre acasalamento produziu 100,07±8,23g/dia, o que significou um aumento de 1,78 vezes. Além disso, observou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a produção de pólen entre as colônias dos tratamentos QI e FM. Este estudo sugere que a técnica de inseminação instrumental deve ser incorporada nos sistemas produtivos de pólen apícola brasileiro.(AU)

Bee pollen extract of Malaysian stingless bee enhances the effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cell lines

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative effect of methanolic bee pollen extract (BPE) of Malaysian stingless bee [Lepidotrigona terminata (L. terminata)] and its synergistic effect with cisplatin (a chemotherapeutic drug) on MCF-7 cancer cell line. Methods: The antioxidant activity of BPE from L. terminata was measured by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. Antiproliferative activity at different concentrations of BPE and cisplatin was determined through using MTT assay on MCF-7 and L929 cell lines. An interaction effect (synergistic, additive and antagonistic) between BPE and cisplatin was determined by CompuSyn software based on MTT assay data. Results: The EC

Microorganisms in Vacuum Stored Flower Bee Pollen

Contamination with sanitary microorganisms from Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae families in flower bee pollen from Bulgaria after one-year vacuum-packed cold storage has been found. Dried flower bee pollens intended for human consumption were with high incidence rate of contamination with Pantoea sp. (P. agglomerans and P. agglomerans bgp6) (100%), Citrobacter freundii (47%), Proteus mirabilis (31.6%), Serratia odorifera (15.8%) and Proteus vulgaris (5.3%). Bee pollens were also positive for the culture of microorganisms from Staphylococcaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae families: Staphylococcus hominis subsp hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. It was concluded that, if consumed directly, the vacuum-packed cold stored dried bee pollen, harvested according hygienic requirements from bee hives in industrial pollution-free areas without intensive crop production, is not problem for healthy human.

Acrylic hydrogels modified with bee pollen for biomedical applications.

The focus of this paper is to present the effect of bee pollen on the structure and properties of acrylic hydrogels, often used as materials for wound dressings. Honey, propolis and bee pollen have been very well known for their extraordinary healing and medical properties for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans have reportedly used bee pollen as a drug, especially for a number of skin diseases and lesions. Acrylic hydrogels are, on the other hand, rather recently discovered materials used for novel wound dressings. The idea of our research was to combine a synthetic polymer matrix with bee pollen, in order to obtain innovative materials which could be used as wound dressings exhibiting new properties. The obtained acrylic hydrogels containing bee pollen were investigated towards swelling ability in distilled water and different fluids, including pseudo-extracellular fluid, simulated body fluid and Ringer’s solution. Moreover, incubation in water and simulated body fluids (SBF) and Ringer’s solution was carried out. The morphologies of bee pollen and obtained acrylic hydrogels modified with bee pollen were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical structure of the polymer matrix was confirmed by ATR-FT-IR spectra.

Perfil químico e microbiológico, cor, análise polínica e propriedades biológicas do pólen apícola desidratado / Chemical and microbiological profile, color, palynological analysis and biological properties of dehydrated bee-pollen

O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar informações a respeito do processo de produção, determinar características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica, propriedades biológicas e origem botânica do pólen apícola desidratado, além de avaliar a influência de duas condições de desidratação sobre estes mesmos parâmetros. Para esta pesquisa foram adquiridas 69 amostras produzidas e beneficiadas em nove Estados brasileiros. Foram levantados dados referentes à coleta e processamento dos produtos e realizada a análise polínica para determinar a origem botânica das amostras. Foram determinados os teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas, minerais, fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais por espectrofotometria, compostos fenólicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas, capacidade antioxidante [método DPPH (a partir de três extratos) e método ORAC], capacidade antimicrobiana e parâmetros instrumentais de cor, além de um diagnóstico da qualidade microbiológica das amostras. A análise multivariada foi utilizada para estudar a estrutura de dados e procurar por padrões e, ainda, classificar as amostras em grupos. Foram observadas não conformidades em relação à temperatura de desidratação e em 91% das amostras o teor de umidade estava acima do limite de 4% estabelecido na legislação brasileira. Foram identificados 39 tipos polínicos. O teor de proteínas variou de 7,9 a 33,9 g/100 g, lipídeos de 3,1 a 13,5 g/100 g e cinzas de 1,9 a 3,8 g/100 g. A análise de minerais indicou que o potássio foi o composto em maior quantidade e que algumas amostras poderiam ser consideradas fontes ou com alto conteúdo de ferro, manganês, zinco e cobre. O teor de fenólicos totais variou de 5,6 a 29,7 mg EAG/g e flavonoides totais de 0,3 a 19,0 mg EQ/g. A capacidade antioxidante (CA), pelo método DPPH, variou de 9,4 a 199,3 µmol ET/g, com influência do procedimento de extração sobre o resultado. Pelo método ORAC, a CA das amostras variou de 133,1 a 563,0 µmol ET/g. Quanto à capacidade antimicrobiana, observou-se que todas as amostras apresentaram alguma ação, estando a concentração mínima inibitória relacionada com o micro-organismo em teste. A qualidade microbiológica das amostras estava de acordo com dados encontrados na literatura e bactérias potencialmente patogênicas não foram observadas. A análise instrumental de cor indicou variação nos parâmetros L* (42,75 a 72,35), a* (1,03 a 12,98), b* (31,51 a 63,18) e Chroma (31,53 a 64,26) e correlação entre estes parâmetros e a composição química e as propriedades biológicas. A identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos indicou predominância de flavonoides nas amostras, principalmente de compostos glicosilados. Por fim, as amostras desidratadas por liofilização apresentaram maior valor nutricional e potencial biológico em relação às amostras desidratadas em estufa com aquecimento e circulação forçada de ar. Em conclusão, torna-se necessário que os produtores façam ajustes no processo de beneficiamento do pólen apícola para que não haja empecilhos à sua comercialização. A composição do pólen das flores forrageadas pelas abelhas influenciou na composição do pólen apícola desidratado, portanto, pode-se pensar no direcionamento dos apiários para fontes botânicas que resultem em um produto com maior valor nutricional ou biológico

The aim of this study was to obtain information about the production process, to determine physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, biological properties and botanical origin of dehydrated bee-pollen, and also to evaluate the influence of two dehydration conditions on these parameters. Sixty-nine samples were acquired from nine Brazilian states. Data were collected regarding the collection and processing of the products and the pollen analysis was performed to determine the botanical origin of the samples. Moisture, proteins, lipids, ashes, minerals, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids by spectrophotometry, phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, antioxidant capacity [DPPH method (from three extracts) and ORAC method], antimicrobial capacity and instrumental color parameters were determined, in addition to a diagnosis of the microbiological quality of the samples. Multivariate analysis was used to study the structure of data and to look for patterns and also to classify the samples into groups. Non-conformities were observed in relation to dehydration temperature and in 91% of samples the moisture content was above the 4% limit established by Brazilian legislation. Thirty-nine pollen types were identified. The protein content varied from 7.9 to 33.9 g/100 g, the lipid content from 3.1 to 13.5 g/100 g and the ash content varied from 1.9 to 3.8 g/100 g. The mineral analysis indicated that potassium was the compound with a higher content in the samples, and that some samples could be considered "source" or "high content" of iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The total phenolic content varied from 5.6 to 29.7 mg GAE/ g and total flavonoids from 0.3 to 19.0 mg QE/g. The antioxidant capacity (AC) by DPPH method ranged from 9.4 to 199.3 µmol TE/g and the extraction procedure influenced the results. The AC by ORAC method ranged from 133.1 to 563.0 µmol TE/g. All samples showed some antimicrobial capacity; however, the minimal inhibitory concentration was related to the microorganism. The microbiological quality of the samples was consistent with results found in the literature and potentially pathogenic bacteria were not detected. The instrumental color analysis indicated variation in the parameters L* (42.75 to 72.35), a* (1.03 to 12.98), b* (31.51 to 63.18) and Chroma (31.53 to 64.26), and correlation between these parameters and the chemical and biological properties. The identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds showed flavonoids predominantly in samples, particularly glycosylated compounds. Finally, the samples dehydrated by lyophilization showed higher nutritional and biological value compared to samples dehydrated in an electric oven with forced air circulation. In conclusion, it is necessary that producers make adjustments to the dehydrated bee-pollen processing to prevent impediments to the marketing. The composition of the pollen collected by bees influenced the composition of dehydrated bee-pollen; therefore, it would be possible to direct the apiaries to botanical sources that result in a product with higher nutritional or biological value

Pólen apícola desidratado: composição físico-química, qualidade microbiologica, compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, capacidade antioxidante e origem botânica / Dehydrtated bee pollen: physicochemical, microbiological quality, phenolic and flavonoids compounds, antioxidant and botanical origin

O pólen apícola, produto da aglutinação do pólen das flores com néctar e substâncias salivares das abelhas, tem sido promovido como suplemento da dieta humana por apresentar propriedades nutricionais e bioativas. Sessenta e duas amostras de pólen apícola desidratado foram avaliadas para as análises de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, atividade antioxidante por três métodos (DPPH, sistema ß-caroteno e ORAC), origem botânica, qualidade comercial (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas e carboidratos) e sanitária (bolores e leveduras, aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E.coli, clostrídios sulfito redutores e S.aureus.), além da atividade antimicrobiana (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). Os valores obtidos para compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais variaram de 12,60 a 84,22 mg GAE/g de pólen apícola (GAE: equivalentes em ácido gálico) e 1,90 a 36,85 mg de quercetina/g de pólen apícola respectivamente. O EC50, determinado pelo método do DPPH, variou de 0,35 a 13,42 mg pólen apícola/mL de extrato. Os extratos de pólen apícola apresentaram valores entre 52,58 e 98,37 % para o método do ß-caroteno. Quando quantificada por ORAC, a atividade antioxidante medida ficou entre 132,98 e 575,85 µmol eq. trolox/g pólen apícola. Na avaliação da qualidade comercial foram obtidos os valores de 3,06% a 8,12% para umidade, de 1,94 a 4,61%, para cinzas, de 3,35 a 10,96% para lipídeos; de 17,73 a 34,73% para as proteínas, de 11,86 a 25,71% e de 2,77 a 15,87% para os açúcares frutose e glicose, respectivamente. Verificou-se que a presença do pólen apícola inibiu o crescimento de todos os microrganismos estudados. Candida albicans foi a mais resistente e o Staphylococcus epidermides foi o mais sensível. Observou-se 36 tipos polínicos diferentes, destacando-se: Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.), Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae, Poaceae., Euphorbiaceae e Brassica que ocorreram com maior frequência entre as amostras estudadas. Foram observadas somente correlações moderadas e fracas entre os tipos polínicos presentes e os parâmetros avaliados para as amostras desidratadas de pólen apícola

Bee pollen, a product of agglutination of flower pollen with nectar and bee salivary substances, has been promoted as a dietary supplement for human because of its nutritional and bioactive properties. Sixty-two samples of dehydrated bee pollen were analyzed for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity using three methods (DPPH, ßcarotene and ORAC), botanical composition, commercial quality (moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates), hygiene (aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulfite-reducing Clostridium), and antimicrobial activity (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). The obtained values for total phenolics ranged from 12.60 to 84.22 mg GAE/g bee pollen (GAE: gallic acid equivalents) while for total flavonoids ranged from 1.90 and 36.85 mg quercetin/g bee pollen. The EC50, determined by the DPPH method, ranged from 0.35 to 13.42 mg bee pollen/ml of extract. The bee pollen extracts showed values between 52.58 and 98.37% by ß- carotene method. When measured by ORAC, antioxidant activity was between 132.98 and 575.85 µmols eq. trolox/g bee pollen. In the evaluation of commercial quality, the following results were achieved: 3.06% to 8.12% for moisture, 1.94 to 4.61% for ashes, 3.35 to 10.96% for lipids, 17.73 to 34.73% for proteins, from 11.86 to 25.71% and 2.77 to 15.87% for the carbohydrates glucose and fructose respectively. It was verified that the presence of the bee pollen inhibited the growth of all microorganisms studied. Candida albicans was the more resistant and Staphylococcus epidermides the more sensitive. Thirty-three pollen-types were identified mainly Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.) sp., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae sp., Poaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp. and Brassica sp. that occurred more frequently among the samples studied. It was observed only moderate and weak correlations between the pollen types present and the evaluated parameters for dehydrated samples of bee pollen

Antioxidant activity of four color fractions of bee pollen from Mérida, Venezuela

Bee pollen has been reported to show antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; contributing to anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties. Venezuelan honeybee pollen has been little studied, but is consumed because its properties are known from other countries reports. On the basis of these reports, water, ethanol and methanol soluble fractions were prepared from dried bee-pollen commercially available and produced by La Montaña farm (Mérida, Venezuela). These fractions were evaluated for their functional properties, specifically, polyphenol content and total antioxidant activity. Pollen samples were separated by color in four fractions: yellow, brown, orange and ochre. Polyphenol content ranged between 396.7 to 1286.7 gallic acid equivalents GAE/100 g pollen; it was highest in pollen homogenates obtained with ethanol, followed by those obtained with methanol and water. The antioxidant activity ranged from 0.50 to 1.84 μmoles Trolox equivalents TEAC/100 g for water and ethanol homogenates respectively. The results presented in this work suggest that the ethanol extract of bee pollen show a potent antioxidant activity, comparable to human plasma, probably due to total polyphenol content of bee pollen. This is important because the bee pollen would be beneficial not only as a dietary supplement but also as a functional food.

Actividad antioxidante de polen apícola de Mérida, Venezuela, fraccionado en cuatro colores. Se ha reportado que el polen de las abejas tiene actividad antioxidante y secuestra radicales libres; relacionada con sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y gastroprotectivas. El polen apícola de Venezuela ha sido poco estudiado, pero se consume gracias a las propiedades conocidas por reportes provenientes de otros países. Tomando como base estos reportes, se prepararon fracciones solubles en agua, etanol y metanol del polen apícola seco comercialmente disponible y producido por la Granja La Montaña (Mérida, Venezuela). Estas fracciones fueron evaluadas en cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, específicamente, contenido de polifenoles y la actividad antioxidante total. Las muestras de polen fueron separadas en cuatro fracciones de acuerdo al color: amarillo, marrón, naranja y ocre. El contenido de polifenoles se encontraba entre 396,7 a 1286,7 equivalentes de ácido gálico EAG/100 g de polen, y fue mayor en los homogenatos obtenidos con etanol, seguido por aquellos obtenidos con metanol y agua. La actividad antioxidante varió entre 0.50 a 1.84 μmoles equivalentes de Trolox TEAC/100 g par los homogenatos de agua y etanol respectivamente. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo sugieren los extractos de etanol de polen de abejas presentan una potente actividad antioxidante, comparable al plasma humano, probablemente debida a su contenido total de polifenoles. Esto es importante ya que el polen de abejas podría servir no solo como un suplemento alimenticio sino como una alimento funcional.

Antioxidant activity of bee products added to water in tebuconazole-exposed fish

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of honey, propolis, and bee pollen for the reversal of lipid peroxidation induced by tebuconazole (TEB) in South American catfish (Rhamdia quelen), in which the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, and non-protein thiols were assessed. Honey (0.125 g L-1) and bee pollen (0.05 g L-1) added to the water reverse the production of TBARS induced by TEB, while propolis demonstrated a pro-oxidant effect, inducing an increase in TBARS production. The data presented herein suggest that the addition of water to honey and bee pollen potentially protects against the oxidative stress caused by agrichemicals.

Um experimento foi conduzido objetivando avaliar o potencial do mel, da própolis e do pólen apícola na reversão da peroxidação lipídica causada pelo fungicida tebuconazole (TEB) na espécie de peixe tropical Rhamdia quelen, avaliando a concentração das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), a atividade da enzima glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e das concentrações dos antioxidantes glutationa reduzida (GSH), ácido ascórbico e dos tiois não proteicos. O mel adicionado à água na concentração de 0,125g L-1 e o pólen apícola na concentração de 0.05 g L-1reverteram a geração das TBARS causada pela exposição ao TEB, enquanto a própolis demonstrou efeito pró-oxidante, induzindo um aumento na geração das TBARS. Os dados apresentados neste trabalho sugerem o potencial do mel e do pólen apícola adicionados à água como substâncias protetoras contra o estresse oxidativo causado por agroquímicos.

Compostos bioativos e potencial antioxidante do pólen apícola produzido por abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L) / Bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant potential of bee pollen produced by africanized bees (Apis mellifera L)

A concentração de compostos bioativos e a atividade antioxidante do pólen apícola podem variar em função da origem botânica. Trinta e três amostras de pólen apícola da região de Alagoinhas-BA foram analisadas quanto aos teores de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, carotenoides e atividade antioxidante e, também, foi avaliada a correlação dos compostos bioativos com os tipos polínicos Mimosa pudica e Eucalyptus. O teor dos compostos fenólicos e sua fração de flavonoides nas amostras com ocorrência de Mimosa pudica variaram, respectivamente, de 14,31 a 64,14mg em GAE.g-1 de pólen e de 0,72 a 1,99mg e, nas amostras com ocorrência de Eucalyptus variaram, respectivamente, de 26,48 a 132,38mg em GAE.g-1 de pólen e de 1,55 a 2,5mg. O teor de carotenoides totais variou de 18,16 a 764,37µg.g-1 para o tipo polínico Mimosa pudica e de 3,01 a 46,08µg.g-1 para o tipo polínico Eucalyptus. A atividade antioxidante variou de 37,94 a 91,81% e de 78,96 a 93,21%, respectivamente, nas amostras com ocorrência do tipo polínico Mimosa pudica e Eucalyptus. Foi constatada correlação positiva entre o tipo polínico Eucalyptus e o teor de compostos fenólicos, porém não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o tipo polínico Mimosa pudica e o teor de carotenoides.

The concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pollen may vary depending on thebotanical origin. Thirty-three samples of bee pollen from the region of Alagoinhas-BA were investigated on the concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and antioxidant activity, and the correlation between bioactive compounds and Eucalyptus and Mimosa pudica pollens was assessed. The phenolic compounds contents and of its flavonoid fraction in samples with the occurrence of Mimosa pudica ranged from 14.31 to 64.14 mg in GAE.g-1 of pollen and from 0.72 to 1.99 mg, respectively; the sampleswith the occurrence of Eucalyptus ranged from 26.48 to 132.38 mg GAE.g-1 of pollen and from 1.55 to 2.5mg, respectively. The carotenoids contents ranged from 18.16 to 764.37 μg.g-1 in Mimosa pudica pollentype, and from 3.01 to 46.08 μg.g-1 in Eucalyptus pollen type. The antioxidant activity ranged from 37.94 to 91.81% and from 78.96 to 93.21% in samples with occurrence of Eucalyptus and Mimosa pudica pollen types, respectively. A positive correlation between the Eucalyptus pollen type and the phenolic compounds contents was found, however no statistically significant correlation was observed between the Mimosa pudica pollen type and carotenoids contents.

Chemical composition, botanical evaluation and screening of radical scavenging activity of collected pollen by the stingless bees Melipona rufiventris (Uruçu-amarela)

Stingless bees in Brazil are indigenous and found all over the country. Bee pollen is used for its nutritional value in the human diet. It is made up of natural flower pollen mixed with nectar and bee secretions. In order to evaluate the chemical composition, free radical scavenging activity, and botanical origin, sample of pollen loads from stingless bee, Melipona rufiventris (Uruçu amarela) was studied. The EtOAc extract of pollen of Melipona rufiventris yielded the following compounds: p-hydroxycinnamic acid, dihydroquercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin3-O-(6"-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, and quercetin. This is the first report of the isolation of isorhamnetin3-O-(6"O-E-p-coumaroyl)β-D-glucopyranoside from pollen. The free radicalscavenging activities of different solvent extracts of pollen were determined using DPPH assay. This activity decreases in the order: EtOAc>EtOH>Hexane extract. It appears that the EtOAc extract of the pollen is a good scavenger of active oxygen species. The botanical evaluation of pollen loads showed the composition by two pollen types, with the dominant type (97.3 percent) being Scopariadulcis (L.) (Scrophulariaceae) and the minor one Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae). This suggests a specific foraging behavior in Melipona rufiventris bees, even in an environment with such a rich botanical diversity as the Northeastern Brazil.

As abelhas sem ferrão são espécies indígenas encontradas em todo o Brasil. Seu pólen é utilizado devido ao seu valor nutricional na dieta humana. É produzido a partir de pólen floral misturado com néctar e líquidos secretados pelas abelhas. Visando avaliar a composição química, a atividade sequestradora de radicais livres e a origem botânica foi estudado o pólencoletado pela abelha sem ferrão Melipona rufiventris (Uruçu-amarela). Do extrato acetato de etila foram isolados os compostos: ácido phidroxicinâmico, dihidroquercetina, isoramnetina, 3O(6"OEpcoumaroil)βDglicopiranosideoisoramnetina, luteolina e quercetina. Esta é a primeira vez que a 3O(6"OEpcoumaroil)βDglicopiranosideoisoramnetina é isolada de pólen apícola. A atividade sequestradora de radicais livres de vários extratos com solventes diferentes foi determinada pelo teste com DPPH (difenilpicrilhidrazida). A atividade mostrou a ordem decrescente para os extratos AcOEt>EtOH>Hexano. O extrato AcOEt apresenta melhor atividade sequestradora de radicais. A avaliação botânica palinológicamostrou que o pólen era composto de dois tipos, um majoritário(97.3 por cento) proveniente de Scoparia dulcis (L.) (Scrophulariaceae) e outro minoritário proveniente de Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin& Barneby (Fabaceae). Estes resultados sugerem o comportamento de forragem bastante específico exibido pela abelha Melipona rufiventris, mesmo em um ambiente tão rico em diversidade vegetal como o Nordeste do Brasil.

Composición química de polen apícola fresco recolectado en el páramo de Misintá de Los Andes venezolanos / Chemical composition of fresh bee pollen collected in the Misintá páramo from the venezuelan Andes

El polen apícola venezolano no ha sido caracterizado, y su comercialización no está normalizada. El polen es consumido con fines de apiterapia por sus propiedades nutricionales y medicinales. Este producto de la colmena es el más popular después de la miel de abejas; por eso es necesario caracterizarlo y valorizarlo para iniciar una base de datos que sustente la propuesta de una norma para el control de calidad del polen apícola. Se caracterizaron muestras de polen recolectado por abejas en el páramo de Misintá del estado Mérida, según la composición química (humedad, cenizas, extracto etéreo, pH, proteínas) de cuatro fracciones de color (amarillo, anaranjado, ocre, verde). La fracción más frecuente fue el polen amarillo, con 2,18 g cenizas/100g, 5,37 g extracto etéreo/100 g, 14,88 g humedad/100 g y 37,32 g proteínas/100 g.

Venezuelan bee pollen has not been characterized, and marketing is not regulated. Pollen is consumed for apitherapeutical purposes for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This product of the hive is the most popular after honey; therefore it is necessary to characterize and to value it to initiate a database to support the proposal of a norm for bee pollen quality control. Samples of bee pollen collected by bees in the Misintá páramo of Mérida state were characterized accoridng to the chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, pH, proteins) of four color fractions (yellow, orange, ochre, green). Yellow pollen was the most frequent fraction, with 2,18 g ash/100g, 5,37 g ether extract/100 g, 14,88 g moisture/100 g, and 37,32 g proteins/100 g.

Caracterización de polen apícola fresco recolectado en Cacute, en los Andes Venezolanos / Characterization of fresh bee pollen collected in Cacute, in Venezuelan Andes

El polen apícola es el segundo producto de la colmena más consumido, después de la miel de abejas; sin embargo, en Venezuela aún no se han elaborado las normas para su control de calidad. En el presente trabajo, se recolectó polen fresco en Cacute, Municipio Rangel, Estado Mérida de Venezuela, se separó manualmente en cuatro colores. Estos granos de polen fueron observados con el microscopio para su identificación botánica por comparación con la palinoteca de referencia. Cada tipo de po len se identificó utilizando una palinoteca de referencia: 1. Brassica napus (amarillo), 2. Fraxinus americana (anaranjado), 3. Zea mays (pardo), 4. Datura arborea (cremoso). La descripción sensorial permitió percibir diferencias de olor (resina, paja, miel), sabor (ácido, amargo, astringente, dulce) y textura (crujiente, pegajosa, polvorosa), además del color utilizado para separar las especies vegetales. La com posición físico- química varió así: 8,74 - 9,90 g agua/100 g polen, 2,15 - 33,9 g cenizas/100 g polen, 2,00 - 3,36 g extracto etéreo/ 100 g polen y 16,54 - 26,30 g proteína/100 g polen.

Bee pollen is the second product of the comb most consumed, after honey; however, there are no regulations for its quality control in Venezuela. In this work, fresh bee pollen collected in Cacute, Rangel County, Mérida state from Venezuela, was separated manually into fours colors. These pollen grains were observed with the microscope for its botanical identification by comparison with the pollen reference collection. Each pollen type was identified with a pollen reference collection: 1. Brassica napus (yellow). 2. Fraxinus americana (orange). 3. Zea mays (brown). 4. Da tura ar borea (creamy). Sensory evaluation allowed perception of differences in odour (resin, straw, honey), flavour (sour, bitter, astringent, sweet) and texture (crispy, sticky, powdery). The physicochemical composition varied as fo llows: 8,74 - 9,90 g water/100 g pollen, 2,15 - 33,9 g ash/100 g pollen, 2,00- 3,36 g fat/100 g pollen y 16,54 - 26,30 g protein/ 100 g pollen.

Determinación de plomo en polen apícola de Brassica napus L. del Páramo de Misintá, estado Mérida, Venezuela

El polen apícola es el segundo producto de la colmena más consumido, después de la miel de abejas; sin embargo, no tiene normas para su control de calidad en Venezuela. Los oligoelementos del polen han sido estudiados en sus funciones nutricionales, medicinales o tóxicas, y también como indicadores de contaminación ambiental mediante el análisis de metales pesados. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la concentración de Pb en polen apícola de Brassica napus L. producido en el estado Mérida. El análisis de Pb se realizó por espectroscopia de absorción atómica, con atomización electrotérmica (ETAAS). Se encontró una concentración de 268.31 ± 0.0008 µg Pb/kg de polen apícola fresco de Brassica napus L. El método para el análisis de plomo fue validado mediante estudios de recuperación, obteniéndose un valor de 101.0 ± 4,8%, con una desviación estándar relativa (RSD%) menor a un 5%, lo cual indica que el método empleado fue exacto, preciso y libre de interferencias.

Bee pollen is the second product of the comb most consumed, after honey; however, there are no regulations for its quality control in Venezuela. The oligoelements of pollen have been studied for their nutritional, medicinal or toxic functions, and also, as indicators of environmental pollution by the analysis of heavy metals. In this work, the concentration of Pb was evaluated in bee pollen of Brassica napus L. in the state of Mérida. The Pb analysis was done by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). A concentration of 268.31 ± 0.0008 µg Pb/kg fresh bee pollen of Brassica napus L. was found. The method for the analysis of lead was validated by recovery studies, a value of 101.0 ± 4,8% was obtained for lead, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) was lower than 5%, indicating that the method was exact, precise and free of interference.

EFFECT OF BEE POLLEN ON SERUM IGM AND IGG CONCEN TRATION IN NORMAL AND IMMUNODEPRESSED MICE / 中国药理学通报

The effect of bee pollen on serum IgM and IgG concentration was investigated in normal and immunodepressed mice.The levels of serum IgM and IgG in normal NIH mice were 0.80? 0.07mg/ml ( X ? SD ) and 11. 42 ?2. 31 mg/ml respectively. The concentration of IgM and IgG were all markedly lowered in immunodepres-ssed mice induced by cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg/d sc for 4d,hydro-cortison 100 mg/kg/d sc for 6d,60Co ?-irradiation 600 rads and S-180 tumor-bearing in comparison to normal control, while IgG and IgM content in mice treated with bee pollen ( Pollen of Brassica campes-tris L. ) 10 g/kg/d orally for 1 month were significantly increased.The results showed that the stimulating effect of bee pollen on humoral immunity may be the base of beneficial effect in human being.